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The icon represents an internal hard drive within a generic file icon. | |
Filename extension | .dmg, .smi, .img |
---|---|
Internet media type | application/x-apple-diskimage |
Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) | com.apple.disk-image |
Developed by | Apple Inc. |
Type of format | Disk image |
Apple Disk Image is a disk image format commonly used by the macOS operating system. When opened, an Apple Disk Image is mounted as a volume within the Macintosh Finder.
An Apple Disk Image can be structured according to one of several proprietary disk image formats, including the Universal Disk Image Format (UDIF) and the New Disk Image Format (NDIF). An Apple disk image file's name usually has '.dmg' as its extension.
- 3File format
Features[edit]
Apple Disk Image files are published with a MIME type of application/x-apple-diskimage.
Different file systems can be contained inside these disk images, and there is also support for creating hybrid optical media images that contain multiple file systems.[1] Some of the file systems supported include Hierarchical File System (HFS), HFS Plus, File Allocation Table (FAT), ISO9660 and Universal Disk Format (UDF).[1][2]
Apple Disk Images can be created using utilities bundled with Mac OS X, specifically Disk Copy in Mac OS X v10.2 and earlier and Disk Utility in Mac OS X v10.3 and later. These utilities can also use Apple disk image files as images for burning CDs and DVDs. Disk image files may also be managed via the command line interface using the hdiutil utility.[3]
In Mac OS X v10.2.3, Apple introduced Compressed Disk Images[4] and Internet-Enabled Disk Images for use with the Apple utility Disk Copy, which was later integrated into Disk Utility in 10.3. The Disk Copy application had the ability to display a multi-lingual software license agreement before mounting a disk image. The image will not be mounted unless the user indicates agreement with the license.[5]
An Apple Disk Image allows secure password protection as well as file compression, and hence serves both security and file distribution functions; such a disk image is most commonly used to distribute software over the Internet.
History[edit]
Apple originally created its disk image formats because the resource fork used by Mac applications could not easily be transferred over mixed networks such as those that make up the Internet. Even as the use of resource forks declined with Mac OS X, disk images remained the standard software distribution format. Disk images allow the distributor to control the Finder's presentation of the window, which is commonly used to instruct the user to copy the application to the correct folder.
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A previous version of the format, intended only for floppy disk images, is usually referred to as 'Disk Copy 4.2' format, after the version of the Disk Copy utility that was used to handle these images.[1] A similar format that supported compression of floppy disk images is called DART.[1][6]
New Disk Image Format (NDIF) was the previous default disk image format in Mac OS 9,[1] and disk images with this format generally have a .img (not to be confused with raw .img disk image files) or .smi file extension. Files with the .smi extension are actually applications that mount an embedded disk image, thus a 'Self Mounting Image', and are intended only for Mac OS 9 and earlier.[7][2]
Universal Disk Image Format (UDIF) is the native disk image format for Mac OS X. Disk images in this format typically have a .dmg extension.[1]
File format[edit]
Apple has not released any documentation on the format, but attempts to reverse engineer parts of the format have been successful. The encrypted layer was reverse engineered in an implementation called VileFault[8] (a spoonerism of FileVault).
Apple disk image files are essentially raw disk images (i.e. contain block data) with some added metadata, optionally with one or two layers applied that provide compression and encryption. In hdiutil these layers are called CUDIFEncoding and CEncryptedEncoding.[1]
UDIF supports ADC (an old proprietary compression format by Apple), zlib, bzip2 (as of Mac OS X v10.4), and LZFSE (as of Mac OS X v10.11)[9] compression internally.
Trailer[edit]
The trailer can be described using the following C structure.[10] All values are big-endian (PowerPC byte ordering)
Here is an explanation:
Position(in Hex) | Length (in bytes) | Description |
---|---|---|
000 | 4 | Magic bytes ('koly'). |
004 | 4 | File version (current is 4) |
008 | 4 | The length of this header, in bytes. Should be 512. |
00C | 4 | Flags. |
010 | 8 | Unknown. |
018 | 8 | Data fork offset (usually 0, beginning of file) |
020 | 8 | Size of data fork (usually up to the XMLOffset, below) |
028 | 8 | Resource fork offset, if any |
030 | 8 | Resource fork length, if any |
038 | 4 | Segment number. Usually 1, may be 0 |
03C | 4 | Segment count. Usually 1, may be 0 |
040 | 16 | 128-bit GUID identifier of segment |
050 | 4 | Data fork checksum type |
054 | 4 | Data fork checksum size |
058 | 128 | Data fork checksum |
0D8 | 8 | Offset of XML property list in DMG, from beginning |
0E0 | 8 | Length of XML property list |
0E8 | 120 | Reserved bytes |
160 | 4 | Master checksum type |
164 | 4 | Master checksum size |
168 | 128 | Master checksum |
1E8 | 4 | Unknown, commonly 1 |
1EC | 8 | Size of DMG when expanded, in sectors |
1F4 | 12 | Reserved bytes (zeroes) |
Utilities[edit]
There are few options available to extract files or mount the proprietary Apple Disk Image format. Some cross-platform conversion utilities are:
- dmg2img was originally written in Perl; however, the Perl version is no longer maintained, and the project was rewritten in C. Currently, without additional tools, the resulting images may be mounted only under Mac OS X and under Linux (provided hfsplus support has been enabled). UDIF ADC-compressed images have been supported since version 1.5.[11]
- DMGEXtractor is written in Java with GUI, and it supports more advanced features of dmg including AES-128 encrypted images but not UDCO images.[12]
- 7-Zip, including the free cross-platform port of its command-line interface, p7zip.
In Windows, most dmg images can be opened using several other programs such as UltraISO and IsoBuster. MacDrive can also mount simple dmg files as drives under windows, but not sparse disk or encrypted dmgs.[13] A free Apple DMG Disk Image Viewer also exists.[14]
In Linux and possibly other Unix flavors, most .dmg files can be burned to CD/DVD using any CD-burner program (using cdrecord directly or a front-end such as K3B or Brasero) or directly mounted to a mountpoint (e.g. mount -o loop,ro -t hfsplus imagefile.dmg /mnt/mountpoint
).[15][16] darling-dmg is a FUSE module enabling easy DMG file mounting on Linux.[17]
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See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ abcdefg'hdiutil(1) Mac OS X Manual Page'. Archived from the original on 2016-05-14. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
- ^ ab'Mac OS X: Using Disk Copy disk image files'. Archived from the original on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
- ^
hdiutil(1)
– Darwin and macOS General Commands Manual - ^'Re: Some apps refuse to launch in 10.2.8! (OT, but very important)'. Archived from the original on 2014-01-17.
- ^'Guides'. Apple. Archived from the original on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
- ^'DART 1.5.3: Version Change History'. Archived from the original on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
- ^'Software Downloads: Formats and Common Error Messages'. Archived from the original on 2010-12-24. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
- ^'VileFault'. 2006-12-29. Archived from the original on 2007-01-09. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
- ^Michael Tsai (2015-10-07). 'LZFSE Disk Images in El Capitan'. Archived from the original on 2017-04-09. Retrieved 2017-04-09.
- ^'Demystifying the DMG File Format'. Archived from the original on 2013-03-17.
- ^'dmg2img'. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
- ^'DMGExtractor'. Archived from the original on 2011-01-02. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
- ^MacDrive Features / Boot Camp / System Requirements /. 'MacDrive Home page'. Mediafour. Archived from the original on 4 October 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
- ^Olivia Dehaviland (2015-03-03). 'Apple DMG Disk Image Viewer'. DataForensics.org. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
- ^'How To Convert DMG To ISO in Windows, Linux & Mac'. Archived from the original on 2010-03-07.
- ^'Convert DMG To ISO using PowerISO'. Archived from the original on 2009-05-02. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
- ^'darling-dmg'. darling-dmg. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
External links[edit]
- Apple Developer Connection A Quick Look at PackageMaker and Installer
- O'Reilly Mac DevCenter Tip 16-5. Create a Disk Image from a Directory in the Terminal
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Description
Dimethylglycine (DMG) is a versatile, health-building, anti-aging and healing nutrient derived from the amino acid Glycine. It is very important for optimal health and is produced by all animals and humans in small amounts. Our bodies use DMG every moment of every day to affect nearly every metabolic pathway in the body. It’s a building block for the synthesis of methionine, choline, important hormones, neurotransmitters and DNA. Dimethylglycine is found in certain foods such as beans, pumpkin seeds and liver; however, nearly everyone can benefit from supplementing their diet with higher levels of DMG.
Feel Young Again, Age Gracefully
Dimethylglycine is known as one of the most effective anti-aging nutrient in the world. DMG helps you to feel young, vital, healthy and strong well into old age. It boosts strength, endurance and stamina by dramatically improving the nutritional environment of the cells. This in turn causes the tissues and organs of the body to function more efficiently and with more youthful vitality, no matter how old you are.
Aging decreases immunity, but dimethylglycine helps enhance immunity to slow the aging process. DMG helps us to age more gracefully. As we get older, free radicals and stress damage one’s ability to maintain immune system function, memory and physical ability. DMG helps us cope with stress, increases tolerance to physical activity and helps us fight fatigue as well as improving stamina, sexual function, athletic ability and mental acuity.
In her best selling book, Breakthrough: Eight Steps to Wellness, actress and best-selling author Suzanne Somers calls DMG a critical nutritional supplement. She is well into her 60s and is still radiant and stunningly beautiful. Dr. Ray Sahelian, M.D., bestselling author of Mind Boosters: Improve Your Mind, Memory, and Mood wrote, “If you find the field of mind-boosting pills, sex nutrients, and anti-aging interesting, you will certainly want to learn more about DMG (dimethylglycine).” He’s among many medical professionals that acknowledge the very pronounced benefits of dimethylglycine, such as increased energy, an overall feeling of well-being, faster thinking, enhanced memory and particularly greater stamina throughout the day. In other words, you don’t burn out as easily in the course of a normal day.
Numerous Health Benefits from Taking DMG
The health benefits from supplementing with DMG are significant. Dimethylglycine greatly improves the nutritional environment of the cell, increases immune system function (between up to 300% and 1000%) and improves oxygen utilization which enhances energy levels in the body. It helps to optimize mental activity and brain function and supports the body in counteracting the negative effects of mental and physical stress. DMG is one of the best anti-aging nutrients on the market.
Dimethylglycine is a major anti-stress nutrient, energy builder and adaptogen that benefits your metabolism, health and well-being. The average person has fatigue issues, injuries, gets sick and is generally stressed out. When the body is under conditions of stress, DMG improves oxygen utilization in the body and enhances cellular metabolism. Studies show that DMG supplementation helps both humans and animals adapt to increased physical activity by reducing blood lactic acid levels, increasing oxygen uptake by tissues, enhancing ATP production, normalizing glucose metabolism and decreasing fatigue. DMG reduces lactic acid build up in the muscle thereby shortening recovery time after strenuous exercise and improving endurance. Dimethylglycine:
- Helps stimulate and maintain a strong immune system
- Improves metabolism
- Optimizes energy levels
- Makes energy production more efficient
- Reduces lactic acid formation
- Minimizes cravings for alcohol and drugs
- Enhances detoxification of the blood and the liver
- Increases oxygen utilization
- Enhances methyl donation
- Acts as an adaptogen
- Enhances neurotransmitter production
- Improves circulation
- Helps the body adapt to stress
- Decreases homocysteine levels
- Increases glutathione and SAMe levels
- Decreases elevated blood pressure, triglyceride and cholesterol levels
- Acts as an antioxidant
- Promotes the neutralization of free radicals
- Has anti-inflammatory properties
- Provides building blocks needed for synthesis of important body constituents
- Supports lymphocyte production
In the nation’s #1 bestselling guide to natural remedies, Prescription for Nutritional Healing, authors James Balch, M.D., and Phyllis Balch, C.N.C. recommend using DMG for 48 condition-specific uses. DMG is useful in so many conditions in part because it is a metabolic enhancer. As Dr. Balch writes, “Taking supplemental DMG can have a wide range of beneficial effects, including helping the body maintain high energy levels and boosting mental acuity. DMG has been found to enhance the immune system, and to reduce elevated blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It improves oxygen utilization by the body, helps to normalize blood pressure and blood glucose levels, and improves the functioning of many important organs.”
How Does Dimethylglycine Work in the Body?
Dimethylglycine is an important methyl donor that participates in numerous biochemical pathways and is important for glutathione synthesis. It’s able to donate a methyl towards necessary enzymatic reactions. This ability to donate one of its methyls is very crucial in the synthesis and production of important brain chemicals. Sufficient levels of glycine in the body are responsible for a general overall feeling of health or well being.
A methyl donor is simply any substance that can transfer a methyl group [a carbon atom attached to three hydrogen atoms (CH3)] to another substance. Methylation is a biochemical process that is essential to life, health and regeneration of body cells. Vitamins, hormones, neurotransmitters, enzymes, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and antibodies depend on the transfer of methyl groups to complete their synthesis. Scientists suspect that proper methylation of DNA may prevent the expression of harmful genes, such as cancer genes. Our body’s ability to methylate declines with age, contributing to the aging process, and therefore supplementation can be beneficial.
The versatility of Dimethylglycine to donate methyl groups and generate molecules like glycine, serine, sarcosine, ethanolamines, methionine and cysteine, as well as contributing to the formation of SAMe, may explain why DMG has such broad and wide-reaching therapeutic effects on the body. Some of those therapeutic effects include enhancing energy production, increasing circulation, decreasing seizure activity, reducing lactic acid levels, promoting better oxygen utilization, lowering homocysteine and many other beneficial effects.
Is DMG New?
Dimethylglycine in supplement form has been around for over 40 years with numerous clinical studies to prove its benefits and safety. DMG was first discovered by Russian scientists who were looking for a solution to the problem of accelerated aging in cosmonauts in space. Through performing hundreds of research studies, they found that returning cosmonauts who used DMG showed no symptoms of cellular damage or premature aging that the other cosmonauts all displayed.
Originally called “vitamin B-15” or “calcium pangamate” in the 1960’s and 1970’s, dimethylglycine has been cherished by top athletes and sports professionals for its ability to enhance performance and increase endurance. Olympic greats, world-champion body-builders, Super Bowl champions and the heavyweight champion of the world have all attributed their success in part to supplementing with DMG.
Aging and over-the-hill athletes notice especially good results from taking DMG. During an internationally televised interview with Muhammad Ali in 1976, the boxing champ held up a bottle of “B-15” (DMG) to show the world his “secret weapon.” As reported in the National Medical Bulletin in 1978, Ali took DMG during his many consecutive victories, and then when he stopped taking it, he was defeated by a newcomer. Once he began taking DMG again, he beat that same newcomer in a rematch in 1978.
Is DMG Safe?
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Dimethylglycine has a long history of safe use by humans and is an intricate part of human metabolism. DMG is absolutely required by the human body to function optimally. DMG is hypoallergenic and is an extremely safe food substance that can enhance normal metabolic pathways in the body. It is safe for use in children of all ages. Doctors have been recommending DMG for autistic children since 1980.
Extensive animal studies on the safety of dimethylglycine showed that it is actually as safe as vitamin C. It is literally impossible to overdose. DMG actually has protective abilities against mutagens and carcinogens that may be in our food, water and the air we breathe.
Paul Buck, Ph. D., nutritional biochemist at an FDA approved laboratory in Waverly, NY, is quoted to have said that “the average person would have to ingest 21 pounds or more of DMG in a short amount of time for it to be toxic, and at that point it would be a problem more with the volume than with the actual toxicity of the DMG.”
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Dr. Gary Todd, M.D., describes DMG safety in his book entitled Nutrition, Health and Disease on page 206. Dr. Todd summarizes the extreme safety of DMG with this illustration: “the average DMG tablet is 125 mg, so you would have to take 4,144 tablets in a single dose to achieve the LD50 for the average 70 kg (154 lb.) male, which would cost you $1,167.23. The intake of this much DMG would take an impossibly long time to swallow all the tablets, so a toxic dose would be impossible in humans, considering it would take almost 50 liters of water to swallow the pills, which in itself is a lethal dose.”
Why Take DMG?
Dimethylglycine is absolutely essential to virtually all human biological functions. DMG plays a key role in at least 41 different biochemical processes that are directly linked to how the body ages. DMG is required by all 70 trillion cells of the body for everything from proper nutrient absorption to cellular metabolism and energy production to oxygenation of the bloodstream. Dimethylglycine increases neuron activity and brain function, promotes healthy heart function, supports proper liver function and detoxification, enhances immune system function, and is generally essential to virtually all human biological function, including the production of DNA.
The body makes DMG, but not in sufficient levels to counter the many stress factors that assault the body today. Unfortunately, the body makes less and less dimethylglycine as we age. DMG is an anti-stress nutrient and metabolic enhancer, which provides a wide spectrum of benefits to health, vitality and wellness. It also has many healing and therapeutic benefits. Therefore, for optimal health, most people will notice significant improvement when taking DMG. The specific benefits that a person will receive from taking DMG are very unique to that person’s overall health, lifestyle, age and stress level.
How to Take DMG
Dimethylglycine is quickly broken down in the body, so smaller doses multiple times a day is best rather than taking it all at once. It is best to take DMG several times throughout the day in order to maintain consistent availability to the body. May be taken with out without food.
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Dimethylglycine is best taken between meals to avoid competitive uptake from other amino acids although it can be taken with food as well. Individuals with heavy work schedules, high stress, athletes or people dealing with a major health problem can benefit from higher intakes of DMG. Depending on the specific area of use, the recommended dosage of DMG can range anywhere from 125mg to over 1000mg a day. An additional 150mg to 300mg can be taken for every 2 to 4 hours of exercise or heavy stress. Due to biochemical individuality, results can show up anywhere from a few days to a few weeks.
In Conclusion
DMG can help you live a longer, better and healthier life. It can add years to your life and life to your years. Dimethylglycine is a safe, effective and natural way to build wellness and optimize health. Taking DMG is a practical way to support well-being, cope with stress, slow the aging process and allow us to stay healthier by fortifying our body against dis-ease. Mountain Well-Being is the source for pure, high quality DMG packaged in convenient chewable tablets. Instead of the usual 60 count bottles, Mountain Well-Being DMG comes in packages containing a full 90 chewable tablets of dimethylglycine. At 250 mg per capsule, ours is double the strength as most other brands.
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